Here is all you need to know about string formatting. I have summarized the page https://pyformat.info/ , in fact I just removed all explanations and made a simple cheat sheet in Jupyter Notebook. I copy the text here for convenience but you can download notebook file from GitHub.
Out: 'one two'
'{} {}'.format(1, 2)
Out[2]: '1 2'
'{1} {0}'.format('one', 'two')
Out: 'two one'
class Data(object):
class Data(object):
def __str__(self):
return 'str'
def __repr__(self):
return 'repr'
'{0!s} {0!r}'.format(Data())
Out:'str repr'
class Data(object):
def __repr__(self):
return 'räpr'
'{0!r} {0!a}'.format(Data())
Out: 'räpr r\\xe4pr'
'>{:>10}<'.format('test')
Out: '> test<'
'>{:10}<'.format('test')
Out: '>test <'
'{:.<10}'.format('test')
Out: 'test......'
'{:.^10}'.format('test')
Out: '...test...'
'{:.^6}'.format('zip')
Out: '.zip..'
'{:.5}'.format('xylophone')
Out: 'xylop'
'{:.<10.5}'.format('xylophone')
Out: 'xylop.....'
'{:d}'.format(42)
Out: '42'
'{:f}'.format(3.141592653589793)
Out: '3.141593'
'>{:4d}<'.format(42)
Out: '> 42<'
'{:06.2f}'.format(3.141592653589793)
Out: '003.14'
'{:04d}'.format(42)
Out: '0042'
'{:+d}'.format(42)
Out: '+42'
'{: d}'.format(-23)
Out: '-23'
'{: d}'.format(23)
Out: ' 23'
'{:=5d}'.format(-23)
Out: '- 23'
'{:=+5d}'.format(23)
Out: '+ 23'
data = {'first': 'Hodor', 'last': 'Hodor!'}
'{first} {last}'.format(**data)
Out: 'Hodor Hodor!'
'{first} {last}'.format(first='Hodor', last='Hodor!')
Out: 'Hodor Hodor!'
person = {'first': 'Jean-Luc', 'last': 'Picard'} '{p[first]} {p[last]}'.format(p=person)
Out: 'Jean-Luc Picard'
data = [4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42] '{d[4]} {d[5]}'.format(d=data)
Out: '23 42'
class Plant(object): type = 'tree' '{p.type}'.format(p=Plant())
Out: 'tree'
class Plant(object):
type = 'tree'
kinds = [{'name': 'oak'}, {'name': 'maple'}] '{p.type}: {p.kinds[0][name]}'.format(p=Plant())
Out: 'tree: oak'
from datetime import datetime
'{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M}'.format(datetime(2001, 2, 3, 4, 5))
Out: '2001-02-03 04:05'
'{:{align}{width}}'.format('test', align='^', width='10')
Out: ' test '
'{:.{prec}} = {:.{prec}f}'.format('Gibberish', 2.7182, prec=3)
Out: 'Gib = 2.718'
'{:{width}.{prec}f}'.format(2.7182, width=5, prec=2)
Out: ' 2.72'
'{:{prec}} = {:{prec}}'.format('Gibberish', 2.7182, prec='.3')
Out: 'Gib = 2.72'
from datetime import datetime
dt = datetime(2001, 2, 3, 4, 5)
'{:{dfmt} {tfmt}}'.format(dt, dfmt='%Y-%m-%d', tfmt='%H:%M')
Out: '2001-02-03 04:05'
'{:{}{}{}.{}}'.format(2.7182818284, '>', '+', 10, 3)
Out: ' +2.72'
'{:{}{sign}{}.{}}'.format(2.7182818284, '>', 10, 3, sign='+')
Out: ' +2.72'
class HAL9000(object):
def __format__(self, format):
if (format == 'open-the-pod-bay-doors'):
return "I'm afraid I can't do that."
return 'HAL 9000'
'{:open-the-pod-bay-doors}'.format(HAL9000())
Out: "I'm afraid I can't do that."
class data(object):
Height = 52
Weight = 75
class food(object):
price = 12
stock = 200
'Height = {0.Height} and price = {1.price}'.format(data,food)
Out: 'Height = 52 and price = 12'
n=42 'Binary = {:b}'.format(n)
Out: 'Binary = 101010'
n=42 'Character = {:c}'.format(n)
Out: 'Character = *'
n=42 'Octal = {:o}'.format(n)
Out: 'Octal = 52'
n=42 'Value = {}'.format(n)
Out: 'Value = 42'
n=42 'Exponent = {:e}'.format(n)
Out: 'Exponent = 4.200000e+01'
n=42 'Fixed Point = {:f}'.format(n)
Out: 'Fixed Point = 42.000000'
n=42 'Fixed Point = {:%}'.format(n)
Out: 'Fixed Point = 4200.000000%'
Twitter: @DataScienceStep
Out: 'Height = 52 and price = 12'
n=42 'Binary = {:b}'.format(n)
Out: 'Binary = 101010'
n=42 'Character = {:c}'.format(n)
Out: 'Character = *'
n=42 'Octal = {:o}'.format(n)
Out: 'Octal = 52'
n=42 'Value = {}'.format(n)
Out: 'Value = 42'
n=42 'Exponent = {:e}'.format(n)
Out: 'Exponent = 4.200000e+01'
n=42 'Fixed Point = {:f}'.format(n)
Out: 'Fixed Point = 42.000000'
n=42 'Fixed Point = {:%}'.format(n)
Out: 'Fixed Point = 4200.000000%'
Twitter: @DataScienceStep
